{"id":989,"date":"2026-05-06T08:09:18","date_gmt":"2026-05-06T08:09:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/urff.app\/?page_id=989"},"modified":"2026-09-05T17:01:08","modified_gmt":"2026-09-05T17:01:08","slug":"istgleich","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/urff.app\/ja\/istgleich\/","title":{"rendered":"\u540c\u3058\u3067\u3059"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u95a2\u4fc2\u8a18\u53f7\u3092\u30a4\u30f3\u30bf\u30e9\u30af\u30c6\u30a3\u30d6\u306b\u767a\u898b\u3059\u308b<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\n

\u95a2\u4fc2\u8a18\u53f7\u306b\u7126\u70b9\u3092\u5f53\u3066\u305f\u5c0f\u5b66\u6821\u5411\u3051\u306e\u5b66\u7fd2\u30fb\u5b9f\u9a13\u74b0\u5883 =<\/code>, <<\/code> \u305d\u3057\u3066 ><\/code>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u76f4\u63a5\u30ea\u30f3\u30af\uff1a<\/strong>\u00a0https:\/\/waage.urff.app<\/a><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

\u30a6\u30a7\u30d6\u30a2\u30d7\u30ea \u540c\u3058\u3067\u3059<\/strong> \u4eee\u60f3\u306e\u5929\u79e4\u3092\u30b7\u30df\u30e5\u30ec\u30fc\u30c8\u3057\u3001\u5b50\u3069\u3082\u305f\u3061\u304c\u5b9f\u8df5\u7684\u306a\u6d3b\u52d5\u3092\u901a\u3057\u3066\u91cf\u3001\u6570\u3001\u5f0f\u3092\u6bd4\u8f03\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u3057\u307e\u3059\u3002\u30ab\u30a6\u30f3\u30bf\u30fc\u306f\u30bf\u30c3\u30d7\u307e\u305f\u306f\u30af\u30ea\u30c3\u30af\uff08\u30de\u30eb\u30c1\u30bf\u30c3\u30c1\u3067\u8907\u6570\u306e\u30ab\u30a6\u30f3\u30bf\u30fc\u3092\u540c\u6642\u306b\uff09\u3067\u751f\u6210\u3055\u308c\u3001\u5929\u79e4\u306e\u4e21\u5074\u306e\u30c8\u30ec\u30a4\u306b\u914d\u7f6e\u3055\u308c\u3001\u7a4d\u307f\u91cd\u306d\u3089\u308c\u3001\u81ea\u52d5\u7684\u306b10\u672c\u306e\u68d2\u306b\u307e\u3068\u3081\u3089\u308c\u3001\u65b9\u7a0b\u5f0f\u307e\u305f\u306f\u4e0d\u7b49\u5f0f\u3068\u3057\u3066\u30ea\u30a2\u30eb\u30bf\u30a4\u30e0\u3067\u8868\u793a\u3055\u308c\u307e\u3059\u3002\u30a2\u30d7\u30ea\u306f\u3001\u5b9f\u8df5\u7684\u306a\u6d3b\u52d5\u3001\u30a2\u30a4\u30b3\u30f3\u306b\u3088\u308b\u8996\u899a\u7684\u8868\u73fe\uff08\u5929\u79e4\u4e0a\u306e\u70b9\uff09\u3001\u304a\u3088\u3073\u8a18\u53f7\u8868\u8a18\uff08=<\/code>, <<\/code>, ><\/code> \u30d7\u30e9\u30b9\uff08\u6570\u3068\u9805\uff09\u306f\u540c\u6642\u306b\u884c\u308f\u308c\u307e\u3059\u3002\u5404\u8981\u7d20\u306f\u96a0\u3059\u3053\u3068\u3082\u3067\u304d\u308b\u305f\u3081\u3001\u4efb\u610f\u306e\u300c\u4e0e\u3048\u3089\u308c\u305f\u3082\u306e\u30fb\u6c42\u3081\u3089\u308c\u308b\u3082\u306e\u300d\u306e\u554f\u984c\u3092\u8a2d\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u307e\u3059\u3002.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3053\u306e\u30a2\u30d7\u30ea\u306f\u3001\u30e6\u30fc\u30b6\u30fc\u30d5\u30ec\u30f3\u30c9\u30ea\u30fc\u306a\u8a2d\u8a08\u3092\u5fb9\u5e95\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u30ed\u30b0\u30a4\u30f3\u4e0d\u8981\u3001\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u53ce\u96c6\u306a\u3057\u3001\u5e83\u544a\u306a\u3057\u3002\u8a2d\u5b9a\u306f\u30ea\u30f3\u30af\u3084QR\u30b3\u30fc\u30c9\u3067\u7c21\u5358\u306b\u5171\u6709\u3067\u304d\u307e\u3059\u3002.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5b50\u3069\u3082\u305f\u3061\u304c\u5929\u79e4\u3092\u4f7f\u3063\u3066\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3053\u3068\uff1a<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
    \n
  • \u6570\u91cf\u3092\u6bd4\u8f03\u3059\u308b\u3002.<\/strong> \u76bf\u3092\u5de6\u53f3\u306e\u30dc\u30a6\u30eb\u306b\u5165\u308c\u308b\u3068\u3001\u3069\u3061\u3089\u306e\u30dc\u30a6\u30eb\u306b\u591a\u304f\u5165\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304b\u304c\u3059\u3050\u306b\u308f\u304b\u308a\u307e\u3059\u3002.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • \u30d0\u30e9\u30f3\u30b9\u3092\u53d6\u308a\u623b\u3059\u3002.<\/strong> \u52a0\u3048\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3001\u53d6\u308a\u9664\u304f\u3053\u3068\u3001\u307e\u305f\u306f\u518d\u914d\u5206\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u3001\u7b49\u53f7\uff08\u30a4\u30b3\u30fc\u30eb\uff09\u3092\u610f\u8b58\u7684\u306b\u4f53\u611f\u3057\u3001\u5b9f\u9a13\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3002\u5929\u79e4\u306e\u3064\u308a\u3042\u3044\u3092\u4fdd\u3064\u305f\u3081\u306b\u306f\u3001\u3042\u3068\u3069\u308c\u3060\u3051\u52a0\u3048\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u304b\uff1f<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • \u4e21\u5074\u306b\u30dc\u30a6\u30eb\u30922\u3064\u305a\u3064\u7f6e\u3044\u3066\u4f5c\u696d\u3057\u3066\u304f\u3060\u3055\u3044\u3002.<\/strong> \u7528\u8a9e\u69cb\u9020\u306a\u3069 5 + 3<\/code> \u76f4\u63a5\u69cb\u7bc9\u3057\u3066\u3001\u4ed6\u306e\u7528\u8a9e\u3068\u6bd4\u8f03\u3057\u3066\u304f\u3060\u3055\u3044\u3002.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • \u8ca0\u306e\u6bbb\u3092\u4f7f\u7528\u3057\u3066\u304f\u3060\u3055\u3044\u3002.<\/strong> \u6e1b\u7b97\u95a2\u4fc2\u306a\u3069 9 \u2212 4<\/code> \u7269\u8cea\u7684\u304a\u3088\u3073\u8c61\u5fb4\u7684\u306b\u4e26\u884c\u3057\u3066\u8868\u73fe\u3059\u308b\u3002\u53d6\u308a\u9664\u304b\u308c\u305f\u91cf\u306f\u30de\u30a4\u30ca\u30b9\u306e\u76bf\u306b\u53d7\u3051\u6b62\u3081\u3089\u308c\u308b\u3002.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • \u7a4d\u307f\u91cd\u306d\u3068\u675f\u306d\u3002.<\/strong> \u30b9\u30bf\u30c3\u30ad\u30f3\u30b0\u30e2\u30fc\u30c9\u3067\u306f\u3001\u30bf\u30a4\u30eb\u304c\u4e00\u5217\u306b\u4e26\u3073\u307e\u3059\u3002\u5fc5\u8981\u306b\u5fdc\u3058\u3066\u300110\u679a\uff08\u307e\u305f\u306f5\u679a\uff09\u306e\u30bf\u30a4\u30eb\u3054\u3068\u306b\u81ea\u52d5\u7684\u306b\u30a2\u30cb\u30e1\u30fc\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u304c\u4f5c\u52d5\u3057\u300110\u679a\u306e\u30bf\u30a4\u30eb\u304c\u4e26\u3093\u3060\u68d2\u72b6\u306e\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u5f62\u6210\u3057\u307e\u3059\uff08\u8a2d\u5b9a\u3067\u5909\u66f4\u53ef\u80fd\uff09\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • \u96a0\u307a\u3044\u3059\u308b\u3002.<\/strong> \u500b\u5225\u306e\u76bf\u3084\u6570\u5b57\u306e\u4e0a\u306b\u30ed\u30fc\u30eb\u30b7\u30e3\u30c3\u30cf\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u8986\u3044\u3092\u304b\u3076\u305b\u3001\u63a8\u6e2c\u3092\u7acb\u3066\u3066\u5f8c\u3067\u78ba\u8a8d\u3059\u308b\u3002.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • \u30b9\u30d7\u30ea\u30c3\u30c8\u3002.<\/strong> \u5404\u8a2d\u5b9a\u306f\u3001\u30b3\u30f3\u30d1\u30af\u30c8\u306a\u30ea\u30f3\u30af\u307e\u305f\u306fQR\u30b3\u30fc\u30c9\u3068\u3057\u3066\u5b66\u7fd2\u8005\u3068\u5171\u6709\u3067\u304d\u307e\u3059\u3002.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

    \u30b5\u30f3\u30d7\u30eb\u30bf\u30b9\u30af\uff0f\u30bf\u30b9\u30af\u30a2\u30a4\u30c7\u30a2\uff1a<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
      \n
    • 8\u3088\u308a\u5927\u304d\u3044\u6570\u306e\u4f8b\u30925\u3064\u898b\u3064\u3051\u3066\u304f\u3060\u3055\u3044\u3002.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • \u5de6\u5074\u306b3\u3064\u306e\u70b9\u3001\u53f3\u5074\u306b5\u3064\u306e\u70b9\u3092\u914d\u7f6e\u3057\u307e\u3059\u3002\u5929\u79e4\u306e\u30d0\u30e9\u30f3\u30b9\u3092\u53d6\u308b\u306b\u306f\u3001\u3044\u304f\u3064\u306e\u70b9\u3092\u8ffd\u52a0\u307e\u305f\u306f\u524a\u9664\u3059\u308b\u5fc5\u8981\u304c\u3042\u308a\u307e\u3059\u304b\uff1f<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • \u300c3 + 4 = 7\u300d\u3092\u5929\u79e4\u3067\u8868\u73fe\u3057\u3001\u6b21\u306b\u300c7 = 3 + 4\u300d\u3092\u8868\u73fe\u3057\u3066\u304f\u3060\u3055\u3044\u3002\u4e21\u8005\u3092\u6bd4\u8f03\u3057\u306a\u3055\u3044\u3002\u306a\u305c\u4e21\u8fba\u3092\u5165\u308c\u66ff\u3048\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u308b\u306e\u3067\u3057\u3087\u3046\u304b\uff1f<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • \u4e21\u5074\u306e\u70b9\u306e\u6570\u30922\u500d\u306b\u3057\u3066\u307f\u307e\u3057\u3087\u3046\u3002\u5929\u79e4\u306f\u3044\u3064\u30d0\u30e9\u30f3\u30b9\u304c\u53d6\u308c\u305f\u72b6\u614b\u3092\u4fdd\u3061\u3001\u3044\u3064\u30d0\u30e9\u30f3\u30b9\u304c\u5d29\u308c\u308b\u3067\u3057\u3087\u3046\u304b\uff1f<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • \u7247\u5074\u306b12\u500b\u3001\u3082\u3046\u7247\u5074\u306b15\u500b\u306e\u70b9\u304c\u3042\u308a\u307e\u3059\u3002\u4e00\u4eba\u3067\u5929\u79e4\u306e\u30d0\u30e9\u30f3\u30b9\u3092\u53d6\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u307e\u3059\u304b\uff1f \u518d\u5206\u914d<\/em> \u30d0\u30e9\u30f3\u30b9\u3092\u53d6\u308b\u3068\u306f\u3069\u3046\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u304b\uff1f\u8aac\u660e\u3057\u3066\u304f\u3060\u3055\u3044\u3002.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • \u7247\u5074\u306b\u306f8\u3064\u306e\u70b9\u304c\u3042\u308a\u307e\u3059\u3002\u3082\u3046\u7247\u5074\u306b\u306f2\u3064\u306e\u30dc\u30a6\u30eb\u304c\u3042\u308a\u3001\u7247\u65b9\u306b\u306f5\u3064\u306e\u70b9\u304c\u5165\u3063\u3066\u3044\u3066\u3001\u3082\u3046\u7247\u65b9\u306f\u7a7a\u3067\u3059\u3002\u30d0\u30e9\u30f3\u30b9\u3092\u53d6\u308b\u306b\u306f\u3001\u7a7a\u306e\u30dc\u30a6\u30eb\u306b\u3044\u304f\u3064\u306e\u70b9\u3092\u5165\u308c\u308b\u5fc5\u8981\u304c\u3042\u308a\u307e\u3059\u304b\uff1f<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • \u6b63\u3057\u3044\u304b\u3001\u8aa4\u308a\u304b\uff1a\u300c\u3069\u3061\u3089\u306e\u5074\u306b\u3082\u540c\u3058\u6570\u3092\u52a0\u3048\u308c\u3070\u3001\u5929\u79e4\u306f\u91e3\u308a\u5408\u3063\u305f\u307e\u307e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u300d\u7406\u7531\u3092\u8aac\u660e\u3057\u306a\u3055\u3044\u3002.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

      \u3088\u308a\u5145\u5b9f\u3057\u305f\u8ab2\u984c\u4f8b\u306e\u30b3\u30ec\u30af\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u304c\u30a2\u30d7\u30ea\u5185\u306b\u4fdd\u5b58\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\uff08\u60c5\u5831\u30a8\u30ea\u30a2 \u2192 \u300c\u8ab2\u984c\u4f8b\u300d\uff09\u3002.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \n\n\n\n

      \u6559\u80b2\u7684\u80cc\u666f<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

      \u7b49\u53f7\u306e\u64cd\u4f5c\u7684\u89e3\u91c8\u3092\u554f\u984c\u8996\u3059\u308b<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

      Behr\u3001Erlwanger\u3001Nichols (1980) \u306b\u3088\u308b\u81e8\u5e8a\u9762\u63a5\u4ee5\u6765\u3001\u5c0f\u5b66\u6821\u306e\u5b50\u4f9b\u305f\u3061\u306f\u4e3b\u306b\u7b49\u53f7\u3092\u30b7\u30f3\u30dc\u30eb\u3068\u3057\u3066\u8a8d\u8b58\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u7d4c\u9a13\u7684\u306b\u5341\u5206\u306b\u78ba\u7acb\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002 \u884c\u52d5\u559a\u8d77<\/em> \u89e3\u91c8\u3059\u308b\u3001\u3064\u307e\u308a\u3001\u6f14\u7b97\u3092\u5b9f\u884c\u3057\u3066\u7d50\u679c\u3092\u66f8\u304d\u7559\u3081\u308b\u8981\u6c42\u3068\u3057\u3066\u89e3\u91c8\u3059\u308b\u3002 3 + 4 = \u2610<\/code> \u306f\u5bb9\u6613\u306b\u51e6\u7406\u3055\u308c\u3001\u6b21\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u30bf\u30b9\u30af\u306f \u2610 = 3 + 4<\/code>, 3 + 4 = 5 + \u2610<\/code> \u307e\u305f\u306f 5 = 5<\/code> \u3057\u3070\u3057\u3070\u300c\u9593\u9055\u3044\u300d\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u300c\u4e0d\u8a31\u53ef\u300d\u3068\u3057\u3066\u62d2\u7d76\u3055\u308c\uff08Behr et al., 1980; Falkner, Levi & Carpenter, 1999; Knuth, Stephens, McNeil & Alibali, 2006\uff09\u3001Falkner et al.\uff081999\uff09\u306f\u30016\u5e74\u751f\u306e\u304a\u3088\u305d4\u5206\u306e1\u3057\u304b\u305d\u306e\u8ab2\u984c\u3092 8 + 4 = \u2610 + 5<\/code> \u6b63\u3057\u304f\u89e3\u6c7a\u3057\u307e\u3059\u3002\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u306f 12<\/code> \u307e\u305f\u306f 17<\/code> 1. \u3069\u3061\u3089\u306e\u89e3\u6c7a\u7b56\u3082\u3001\u7d14\u7c8b\u306b\u904b\u7528\u4e0a\u306e\u89e3\u91c8\u3092\u793a\u3059\u5178\u578b\u7684\u306a\u6307\u6a19\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \u3053\u306e\u73fe\u8c61\u306f\u8a00\u8a9e\u3084\u5b66\u6821\u5236\u5ea6\u306e\u67a0\u3092\u8d85\u3048\u3066\u6587\u66f8\u5316\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u30c9\u30a4\u30c4\u8a9e\u570f\u306e\u5b66\u7fd2\u8005\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u306fBorromeo Ferri\u3068Blum\uff082012\uff09\u3001Hagemeister\uff082013\uff09\u3001\u304a\u3088\u3073Unteregge\uff082017\uff09\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u3001\u82f1\u8a9e\u570f\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u306fCarpenter\u3001Franke\u3001Levi\uff082003\uff09\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u3001\u305d\u306e\u4ed6\u306e\u6587\u8108\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u306fOksuz\uff082008\uff09\u3001Wahyuni\u3068Herman\uff082019\uff09\u3001\u306a\u3089\u3073\u306bFarfan\u3068Schoen\uff082021\uff09\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u793a\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Knuth \u3089 (2006) \u306f\u3001\u7b49\u53f7\u306e\u7406\u89e3\u304c \u95a2\u4fc2\u307e\u305f\u306f\u7b49\u4fa1\u6027\u3092\u793a\u3059\u8a18\u53f7<\/em> \u7c21\u5358\u306a\u65b9\u7a0b\u5f0f\u3092\u89e3\u304f\u6210\u529f\u3068\u6709\u610f\u306b\u76f8\u95a2\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u5b66\u7fd2\u8005\uff1a =<\/code> \u95a2\u4fc2\u7684\u306b\u89e3\u91c8\u3057\u3001\u6b21\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u30bf\u30b9\u30af\u3092\u89e3\u6c7a\u3059\u308b 4m + 10 = 70<\/code> \u4e2d\u7b49\u5b66\u6821\u3067\u306f\u3001\u64cd\u4f5c\u7684\u89e3\u91c8\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u540c\u7d1a\u751f\u3088\u308a\u3082\u8457\u3057\u304f\u512a\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u554f\u984c\u306f\u3001 =<\/code> \u3057\u305f\u304c\u3063\u3066\u3001\u3053\u308c\u3092\u7406\u89e3\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3001\u7b97\u8853\u304b\u3089\u4ee3\u6570\u3078\u306e\u79fb\u884c\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u91cd\u8981\u306a\u624b\u6bb5\u3068\u306a\u308b\uff08Kieran\u30011981\u5e74\uff1bSfard\u30011991\u5e74\uff09\u3002.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \u7b49\u53f7\u306e\u64cd\u4f5c\u7684\u304a\u3088\u3073\u95a2\u4fc2\u7684\u89e3\u91c8<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

      Winter (1982) \u306f\u3059\u3067\u306b\u3001\u64cd\u4f5c\u7684\u89e3\u91c8\uff08\u300c\u201e=<\/code> \u306e\u610f\u5473\uff1a\u300c\u8a08\u7b97\u305b\u3088\u300d\uff09\u3068\u95a2\u4fc2\u7684\u89e3\u91c8\uff08\u201c=<\/code> \u610f\u5473\u3057\u3001\u4e21\u8005\u306f\u540c\u7b49\u3067\u3042\u308b\uff09 \u2013 \u3059\u3067\u306b\u5c0f\u5b66\u6821\u6bb5\u968e\u3067\u57f9\u308f\u308c\u308b\u3079\u304d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u30dc\u30ed\u30e1\u30aa\u30fb\u30d5\u30a7\u30c3\u30ea\u3068\u30d6\u30eb\u30fc\u30e0\uff082012\uff09\u3001\u304a\u3088\u3073\u30a6\u30f3\u30c6\u30ec\u30b2\uff082017\uff09\u306f\u3001 \u4e00\u65b9\u7684\u306a<\/em> \u8ab2\u984c\u3068\u7d50\u679c\u306e\u89e3\u91c8\u306b\u7126\u70b9\u3092\u5f53\u3066\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3001\u8aa4\u89e3\u3092\u52a9\u9577\u3057\u3001\u4e2d\u7b49\u5b66\u6821\u306e\u4ee3\u6570\u6307\u5c0e\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u969c\u5bb3\u3092\u751f\u307f\u51fa\u3059\u3002Sfard (1991) \u306f\u3001\u3053\u306e\u95a2\u9023\u6027\u3092\u5f7c\u5973\u306e\u7406\u8ad6\u3067\u63a2\u6c42\u3057\u305f\u3002 \u30d7\u30ed\u30bb\u30b9\u3068\u30aa\u30d6\u30b8\u30a7\u30af\u30c8\u306e\u4e8c\u91cd\u6027<\/em> \u6570\u5b66\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u306f\u7406\u8ad6\u7684\u306b\u88cf\u4ed8\u3051\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u5b66\u7fd2\u8005\u306f\u6b21\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u7528\u8a9e\u3092\u7406\u89e3\u3059\u308b\u5fc5\u8981\u304c\u3042\u308a\u307e\u3059\u3002 3 + 4<\/code> \u4e21\u65b9\u3068\u3082 \u30d7\u30ed\u30bb\u30b9<\/em> \uff08\u8acb\u6c42\u66f8\uff09\u3060\u3051\u3067\u306a\u304f \u7269\u4f53<\/em> \uff08\u4ed6\u306e\u30aa\u30d6\u30b8\u30a7\u30af\u30c8\u306b\u95a2\u9023\u4ed8\u3051\u3089\u308c\u305f\u6570\u5024\uff09\u3002\u7b49\u53f7\u306f\u30012\u3064\u306e\u89e3\u91c8\u306e\u9593\u306e\u63a5\u70b9\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \u6388\u696d\u8a2d\u8a08\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u4e2d\u5fc3\u7684\u306a\u7d50\u8ad6\u306f\u3001\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3063\u3066\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u901a\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u8aa4\u6982\u5ff5\u306b\u65e9\u671f\u306b\u5bfe\u51e6\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u3001\u3059\u3067\u306b\u5c0f\u5b66\u6821\u306e\u6bb5\u968e\u304b\u3089\u3001\u30bf\u30b9\u30af\u306e\u5f62\u5f0f\u306f\u7cfb\u7d71\u7684\u306b\u4e21\u65b9\u306e\u89e3\u91c8\u306b\u8a34\u3048\u304b\u3051\u308b\u3079\u304d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u305d\u308c\u306b\u306f\u3001\u5909\u6570\uff08\u672a\u77e5\u6570\uff09\u304c\u5de6\u5074\u306b\u3042\u308b\u65b9\u7a0b\u5f0f\uff08\u2610 = a + b<\/code>) \u6f14\u7b97\u8a18\u53f7\u306e\u306a\u3044\u65b9\u7a0b\u5f0f (5 = 5<\/code>\uff09\u3001\u7528\u8a9e\u6bd4\u8f03\uff083 + 4 = 5 + 2<\/code>\uff09\u305d\u3057\u3066\u7279\u306b \u540c\u7b49\u6027\u306e\u6b63\u5f53\u5316<\/em> \u8a08\u7b97\u306b\u95a2\u4fc2\u306a\u304f\u3002.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \u30b9\u30b1\u30fc\u30eb\u3092\u8996\u899a\u7684\u306a\u88dc\u52a9\u3068\u3057\u3066\u4f7f\u7528\u3059\u308b<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

      \u3066\u304d\u3087\u3046\u5929\u79e4\u306f\u3001\u30c9\u30a4\u30c4\u8a9e\u570f\u304a\u3088\u3073\u82f1\u8a9e\u570f\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u7b49\u53f7\u306e\u95a2\u4fc2\u7684\u610f\u5473\u3092\u5b66\u7fd2\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306e\u6700\u3082\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u306a\u6d3b\u52d5\u7684\u30fb\u8c61\u5fb4\u7684\uff08enactive-iconic\uff09\u6559\u6750\u3067\u3042\u308b\uff08Wittmann, 1981; Mann, 2004; Dooley & Kirwan, 2014\uff09\u3002\u3053\u308c\u306b\u306f\u4e3b\u306b2\u3064\u306e\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u306a\u5229\u70b9\u304c\u3042\u308b\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \n
      1. \u5bfe\u79f0\u6027\u304c\u898b\u3066\u53d6\u308c\u308b\u3002.<\/strong> \u5929\u79e4\u304c\u91e3\u308a\u5408\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u72b6\u614b\u306f\u898b\u305f\u76ee\u306b\u3059\u3050\u306b\u5de6\u53f3\u5bfe\u79f0\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u308f\u304b\u308a\u3001\u91e3\u308a\u5408\u3063\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u72b6\u614b\u306f\u50be\u304d\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u591a\u3044\u30fb\u5c11\u306a\u3044\u3092\u793a\u3057\u307e\u3059\u3002\u3055\u3089\u306b\u3001\u5c0f\u306a\u308a\u3001\u5927\u306a\u308a\u3001\u7b49\u53f7\uff08\u3001=\uff09\u306e\u95a2\u4fc2\u8a18\u53f7\u306f\u3001\u5929\u79e4\u306e\u30d0\u30fc\u306e\u50be\u304d\u304b\u3089\u76f4\u63a5\u5c0e\u304d\u51fa\u3059\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u307e\u3059\u3002\u306a\u305c\u306a\u3089\u3001\u30d0\u30fc\u306f\u5e38\u306b\u9069\u5207\u306a\u65b9\u5411\u3078\u50be\u304f\u304b\u3001\u7b49\u3057\u3044\u5834\u5408\u306f\u6c34\u5e73\u306b\u306a\u308b\u304b\u3089\u3067\u3059\u3002.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
      2. \u696d\u52d9\u4e0a\u306e\u5909\u66f4\u306f\u3001\u660e\u3089\u304b\u306b\u7406\u89e3\u53ef\u80fd\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002.<\/strong> \u4e21\u5074\u306b\u540c\u91cf\u3092\u52a0\u3048\u305f\u308a\u53d6\u308a\u9664\u3044\u305f\u308a\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u30d0\u30e9\u30f3\u30b9\u304c\u4fdd\u305f\u308c\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u7d4c\u9a13\u306f\u3001\u884c\u52d5\u6307\u5411\u7684\u306a\u6b21\u306e\u6bb5\u968e\u3078\u306e\u524d\u6bb5\u968e\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002 \u7b49\u4fa1\u5909\u63db<\/em>, \u3053\u308c\u306f\u5f8c\u306b\u4e2d\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u3067\u6b63\u5f0f\u306b\u5b9a\u3081\u3089\u308c\u308b\uff08Carpenter\u3001Franke\u3001Levi\u30012003\u5e74\uff1bPrediger\u30012009\u5e74\uff09\u3002.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

        \u30de\u30f3\uff082004\uff09\u306f\u3053\u306e\u6587\u8108\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u7b49\u53f7\u3092\u300ca balancing act\uff08\u30d0\u30e9\u30f3\u30b9\u3092\u53d6\u308b\u884c\u70ba\uff09\u300d\u3068\u547c\u3093\u3067\u304a\u308a\u3001\u305d\u308c\u306f\u672c\u30a2\u30d7\u30ea\u306e\u30c7\u30b8\u30bf\u30eb\u5b9f\u88c5\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u6587\u5b57\u901a\u308a\u5177\u73fe\u5316\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3059\u306a\u308f\u3061\u3001\u91cf\u304c\u4e00\u81f4\u3057\u306a\u3044\u3068\u30d0\u30fc\u304c\u50be\u304d\u3001\u30d0\u30e9\u30f3\u30b9\u304c\u53d6\u308c\u308b\u3068\u30ea\u30a2\u30eb\u30bf\u30a4\u30e0\u3067\u6c34\u5e73\u306b\u306a\u308b\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u5929\u79e4\u306f\u3001\u64cd\u4f5c\u3068\u305d\u306e\u5f71\u97ff\u304c\u64cd\u4f5c\u7684\u539f\u7406\u306e\u610f\u5473\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u76f4\u63a5\u4f53\u611f\u3067\u304d\u308b\u305f\u3081\u3001\u5b9f\u9a13\u74b0\u5883\u3068\u3057\u3066\u7406\u60f3\u7684\u306a\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \u91cd\u8981\u6027\u3092\u7406\u89e3\u3057\u3001\u30d0\u30f3\u30c9\u30eb\u3059\u308b<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

        10\u679a\uff08\u307e\u305f\u306f5\u679a\uff09\u306e\u30bf\u30a4\u30eb\u3092\u81ea\u52d5\u7684\u306b10\u672c\u306e\u68d2\u72b6\u306b\u30b0\u30eb\u30fc\u30d7\u5316\u3059\u308b\u30aa\u30d7\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u6a5f\u80fd\u306f\u3001\u7d20\u6750\u306e\u5909\u66f4\u3092\u5f37\u5236\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306a\u304f\u3001\u30c7\u30a3\u30fc\u30f3\u30ba\u306e\u30de\u30eb\u30c1\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u30d6\u30ed\u30c3\u30af\uff08\u30c7\u30a3\u30fc\u30f3\u30ba\u30011960\uff09\u306e\u53e4\u5178\u7684\u306a\u63d0\u6848\u3092\u63a1\u7528\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u3053\u3053\u3067\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u306b\u91cd\u8981\u306a\u70b9\u304c2\u3064\u3042\u308a\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          \n
        • \u4ee3\u8868\u6027\u306e\u7d99\u7d9a\u6027\u3002.<\/strong> \u68d2\u306f10\u679a\u306e\u30bf\u30a4\u30eb\u3067\u69cb\u6210\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u8996\u899a\u7684\u306b\u308f\u304b\u308b\u3002\u5b66\u7fd2\u8005\u306f1\u5bfe1\u306e\u6bd4\u7387\u3092\u898b\u5931\u308f\u306a\u3044\u3002\u3053\u308c\u306f\u3001\u30af\u30e9\u30a6\u30c8\u30cf\u30a6\u30bc\u30f3\u3068\u30b7\u30a7\u30e9\u30fc\uff082007\uff09\u304c\u63d0\u5531\u3059\u308b\u3001\u30d0\u30f3\u30c9\u30eb\u6559\u6750\u3092\u8a2d\u8a08\u3059\u308b\u969b\u306b\u3001\u30d0\u30f3\u30c9\u30eb\u95a2\u4fc2\u304c\u3044\u3064\u3067\u3082\u53ef\u9006\u7684\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u3059\u3079\u304d\u3060\u3068\u3044\u3046\u63a8\u5968\u4e8b\u9805\u306b\u5408\u81f4\u3059\u308b\u3002.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
        • \u30a2\u30cb\u30e1\u30fc\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u306b\u3088\u308b\u63a5\u7d9a\u3068\u89e3\u6c7a\u3002.<\/strong> 10\u756a\u76ee\u306e\u5358\u4f4d\u306b\u5230\u9054\u3059\u308b\u3068\u3001\u30bf\u30a4\u30eb\u306f\u76ee\u306b\u898b\u3048\u308b\u5f62\u3067\u5217\u306b\u53ce\u307e\u308a\u3001\u5fae\u5999\u306a\u5883\u754c\u7dda\u3067\u7e4b\u304c\u308b\u3002\u5358\u4f4d\u304c\u53d6\u308a\u9664\u304b\u308c\u308b\u3068\u3001\u305d\u306e\u7e4b\u304c\u308a\u306f\u65ad\u305f\u308c\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u53ef\u9006\u6027\u306f\u3001\u30d1\u30c9\u30d0\u30fc\u30b0\u3068\u30d9\u30f3\u30c4\uff082021\uff09\u304c\u4f4d\u53d6\u308a\u306e\u7406\u89e3\u306e\u524d\u63d0\u6761\u4ef6\u3068\u3057\u3066\u5f37\u8abf\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u3001\u675f\u306d\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3068\u675f\u306d\u306a\u3044\u3053\u3068\u3092\u88dc\u5b8c\u7684\u306a\u64cd\u4f5c\u3068\u3057\u3066\u7406\u89e3\u3059\u308b\u306e\u306b\u5f79\u7acb\u3064\u3002.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

          5\u500b\u7d44\u306810\u500b\u7d44\u306e\u3069\u3061\u3089\u3092\u9078\u3076\u304b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u81ea\u7531\u5ea6\u306f\u3001\u6570\u3048\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306e\u8a8d\u77e5\u304b\u3089\u4f4d\u53d6\u308a\u8868\u73fe\u3078\u306e\u67b6\u3051\u6a4b\u3068\u3057\u3066\u5229\u7528\u3055\u308c\u308b\u300c\u30d5\u30a1\u30a4\u30d6\u30fb\u30d5\u30ec\u30fc\u30e0\u300d\u304a\u3088\u3073\u300c\u30c6\u30f3\u30fb\u30d5\u30ec\u30fc\u30e0\u300d\u306e\u6559\u6750\u306e\u30b3\u30f3\u30bb\u30d7\u30c8\uff08Van de Walle, Karp & Bay-Williams, 2019\uff09\u3068\u306e\u63a5\u7d9a\u3092\u53ef\u80fd\u306b\u3057\u307e\u3059\u3002.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          \u8907\u6570\u306e\u8868\u73fe\u3068\u305d\u306e\u5207\u308a\u66ff\u3048<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

          \u3053\u306e\u30a2\u30d7\u30ea\u306f\u3001\u30b9\u30b1\u30fc\u30eb\u306e\u5404\u72b6\u614b\u30923\u3064\u306e\u8868\u73fe\u5f62\u5f0f\u3067\u540c\u6642\u306b\u8868\u793a\u3057\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            \n
          • \u6f14\u6280\u306e\u8c61\u5fb4\uff1a<\/strong> \u7269\u7406\u7684\u306b\u53cd\u5fdc\u3059\u308b\u30b9\u30b1\u30fc\u30eb\u4e0a\u306e\u30d7\u30ec\u30fc\u30c8\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001,<\/li>\n\n\n\n
          • \u30b7\u30f3\u30dc\u30ea\u30c3\u30af\uff1a<\/strong> \u753b\u50cf\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u65b9\u7a0b\u5f0f\u307e\u305f\u306f\u4e0d\u7b49\u5f0f\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001,<\/li>\n\n\n\n
          • \u8a00\u8a9e\u7684\u30fb\u8a00\u8a9e\u7684\uff1a<\/strong> \u30ea\u30af\u30a8\u30b9\u30c8\u306b\u5fdc\u3058\u3066\u97f3\u58f0\uff08\u300c3\u306f4\u3088\u308a\u5c0f\u3055\u3044\u300d\uff09\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3082\u51fa\u529b\u53ef\u80fd\u3002.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

            \u30d6\u30eb\u30fc\u30ca\u30fc\uff081966\uff09\u306e\u53e4\u5178\u7684\u306aEIS\u539f\u5247\uff08\u80fd\u52d5\u7684-\u8c61\u5fb4\u7684-\u8a18\u53f7\u7684\uff09\u3068\u30a2\u30a4\u30f3\u30ba\u30ef\u30fc\u30b9\uff082006\uff09\u306eDeFT\u30d5\u30ec\u30fc\u30e0\u30ef\u30fc\u30af\uff08\u8907\u6570\u306e\u5916\u90e8\u8868\u73fe\u306e\u8a2d\u8a08\u3001\u6a5f\u80fd\u3001\u30bf\u30b9\u30af<\/em>) \u7406\u8ad6\u7684\u306a\u6839\u62e0\u3092\u63d0\u4f9b\u3059\u308b \u540c\u6642<\/em> \u305d\u3057\u3066 \u4e00\u8cab\u6027\u306e\u3042\u308b<\/em> \u3055\u307e\u3056\u307e\u306a\u8868\u73fe\u5f62\u5f0f\u3092\u5229\u7528\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u6982\u5ff5\u306e\u69cb\u7bc9\u3092\u4fc3\u9032\u3059\u308b\u3002\u5b66\u7fd2\u8005\u306f\u3001\u5358\u306b\u53d7\u52d5\u7684\u306b\u7406\u89e3\u3059\u308b\u306e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u8868\u73fe\u5f62\u5f0f\u9593\u306e\u79fb\u884c\u3092\u80fd\u52d5\u7684\u306b\u63a2\u6c42\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3002\u500b\u3005\u306e\u8868\u73fe\u3092\u30ed\u30fc\u30eb\u30b7\u30e3\u30c3\u30bf\u30fc\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u96a0\u3059\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u308b\u6a5f\u80fd\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u3053\u306e\u30a2\u30d7\u30ea\u306f \u4e0e\u3048\u3089\u308c\u305f\u30bf\u30b9\u30af\u3068\u6c42\u3081\u3089\u308c\u308b\u30bf\u30b9\u30af<\/em> \u30bb\u30eb\u30bf\u30fc\u3068\u30b7\u30e5\u30d4\u30fc\u30b2\u30eb\uff081997\uff09\u306e\u610f\u5473\u3067\u3002.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            \u6982\u5ff5\u8a2d\u8a08\u4e0a\u306e\u6c7a\u5b9a<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
            \u8981\u7d20<\/th>\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u6839\u62e0<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>
            \u7247\u5074\u306b\u3064\u304d\u30dc\u30a6\u30eb1\uff5e2\u500b<\/td>\u6b21\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u7528\u8a9e\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u8a31\u53ef\u3057\u307e\u3059 (a + b) = c<\/code> \u307e\u305f\u306f (a + b) = (c + d)<\/code> \u3057\u305f\u304c\u3063\u3066\u3001\u95a2\u4fc2\u7684\u306a\u6bd4\u8f03<\/td><\/tr>
            \u30aa\u30d7\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u306e\u8ca0\u6bbb<\/td>\u6e1b\u6cd5\u306e\u300c\u53d6\u308a\u53bb\u308b\u300d\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306e\u4f53\u9a13\u5316\u3002\u52a0\u6cd5\u3068\u540c\u3058\u6f14\u7b97\u7406\u89e3\u3092\u4fdd\u3061\u3064\u3064\u3001\u5168\u4f53\u91cf\u306f\u898b\u3048\u305f\u307e\u307e\u3001\u306f\u304b\u308a\u306e\u4e0a\u3067\u306f\u6b8b\u308a\u306e\u91cf\u3060\u3051\u304c\u300c\u6570\u3048\u3089\u308c\u308b\u300d\u3002.<\/td><\/tr>
            \u8c9d\u6bbb\u3068\u6570\u5b57\u306e\u305f\u3081\u306e\u30ed\u30fc\u30e9\u30fc\u30b7\u30e3\u30c3\u30bf\u30fc<\/td>\u69cb\u9020\u5316\u3055\u308c\u305f\u63a8\u6e2c\u5b66\u7fd2\u3001\u7cbe\u795e\u7684\u64cd\u4f5c\u3092\u4fc3\u9032\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306e\u8868\u793a\u306e\u524a\u6e1b<\/td><\/tr>
            \u6bd4\u8f03\u7dda\u4ed8\u304d\u30b9\u30bf\u30c3\u30af\u30e2\u30fc\u30c9<\/td>2\u3064\u306e\u96c6\u5408\u9593\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u9806\u5e8f\u4fdd\u5b58\u5168\u5358\u5c04\u306e\u8c61\u5fb4\u7684\u306a\u524d\u99c6\u4f53\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u305d\u306e\u8a18\u53f7\u306f\u4e0a\u4e0b2\u672c\u306e\u30d0\u30fc\u306e\u8996\u899a\u7684\u8868\u73fe\u304b\u3089\u5c0e\u304d\u51fa\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002.<\/td><\/tr>
            \u30bf\u30a4\u30eb\u306e\u6570\u3092\u5236\u9650\u3059\u308b<\/td>\u6570\u5024\u7bc4\u56f2\u306b\u3088\u308b\u5dee\u5225\u5316\uff081\u5e74\u751f\uff1a10\uff5e20\u30012\u5e74\u751f\uff1a100\u30013\u5e74\u751f\u4ee5\u4e0a\uff1a500\u307e\u3067\uff09<\/td><\/tr>
            \u30ea\u30f3\u30af\/QR\u30b3\u30fc\u30c9\u3067\u5171\u6709<\/td>\u6559\u5e2b\u3068\u5b66\u7fd2\u8005\u9593\u306e\u4f4e\u6577\u5c45\u30bf\u30b9\u30af\u8ee2\u9001\uff08\u9060\u9694\u5b66\u7fd2\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3082\uff09<\/td><\/tr>
            \u767b\u9332\u4e0d\u8981\u3001\u8ffd\u8de1\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u306a\u3057\u3001\u30ed\u30fc\u30ab\u30eb\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u306e\u307f<\/td>\u8ffd\u52a0\u306e\u7d44\u7e54\u7684\u52b4\u529b\u306a\u3057\u306b\u3001\u5b66\u6821\u74b0\u5883\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066GDPR\u306b\u6e96\u62e0\u3057\u305f\u5229\u7528\u304c\u53ef\u80fd<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

            \u63a8\u5968\u3055\u308c\u308b\u4f7f\u7528\u65b9\u6cd5<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

            \u3053\u306e\u30a2\u30d7\u30ea\u306f\u3001\u5c0f\u5b66\u6821\u3084\u4e2d\u5b66\u6821\u4f4e\u5b66\u5e74\u306e\u521d\u671f\u6bb5\u968e\u306e\u751f\u5f92\u3001\u7279\u306b\u7b49\u53f7\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u89e3\u91c8\u306b\u56f0\u96e3\u3092\u62b1\u3048\u3066\u3044\u308b\u751f\u5f92\uff08Prediger, 2009\uff09\u3092\u652f\u63f4\u3059\u308b\u306e\u306b\u7279\u306b\u9069\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u7269\u7406\u7684\u306a\u5b66\u7fd2\u6559\u6750\u306b\u53d6\u3063\u3066\u4ee3\u308f\u308b\u3082\u306e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3092\u88dc\u5b8c\u3059\u308b\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002\u87ba\u65cb\u5b66\u7fd2\u306e\u539f\u5247\uff08Bruner, 1966; Wittmann, 1981\uff09\u306b\u6cbf\u3063\u3066\u3001\u3053\u306e\u63a2\u7a76\u306e\u6a5f\u4f1a\u306f\u7e70\u308a\u8fd4\u3057\u30a2\u30af\u30bb\u30b9\u3057\u3066\u767a\u5c55\u3055\u305b\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u307e\u3059\u3002\u30a6\u30a7\u30d6\u30a2\u30d7\u30ea\u3067\u306f\u3001\u540c\u3058\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u4f7f\u7528\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u53ef\u80fd\u3067\u3059\u3002 \u9593<\/em> \u7269\u8cea\u306e\u76f8\u3092\u7e70\u308a\u8fd4\u3057\u3001\u5909\u5316\u3055\u305b\u3001\u7269\u7406\u7684\u306a\u7269\u8cea\u3067\u306f\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u306a\u65b9\u6cd5\u3067\u5171\u6709\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3002.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            \u6587\u5b66<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

            \u30a2\u30a4\u30f3\u30ba\u30ef\u30fc\u30b9\u3001S. (2006). DeFT: \u8907\u6570\u306e\u8868\u73fe\u3092\u7528\u3044\u305f\u5b66\u7fd2\u3092\u8003\u5bdf\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306e\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u67a0\u7d44\u307f\u3002. \u5b66\u7fd2\u3068\u6307\u5c0e<\/em>, \u300116(3)\u3001183\u2013198\u3002.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            Behr, M.\u3001Erlwanger, S.\u3001Nichols, E. (1980)\u3002\u5b50\u3069\u3082\u305f\u3061\u306f\u7b49\u53f7\u3092\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u6349\u3048\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304b\u3002. \u6570\u5b66\u6559\u80b2<\/em>, \u300192\u300113-15\u3002.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            Borromeo Ferri, R., & Blum, W. (2012). \u521d\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u3068\u4e2d\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u306e\u5883\u754c\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u7b49\u53f7\u306e\u4f7f\u7528\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u5b66\u7fd2\u8005\u306e\u6982\u5ff5\u3002. \u6570\u5b66\u6559\u80b2\u3078\u306e\u8ca2\u732e 2012<\/em>, 127\uff5e130\u9801\u3002.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            \u30d6\u30eb\u30fc\u30ca\u30fc\u3001JS\uff081966\uff09\u3002. \u6307\u5c0e\u7406\u8ad6\u306b\u5411\u3051\u3066<\/em>. \u30cf\u30fc\u30d0\u30fc\u30c9\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u5c40\u30d9\u30eb\u30ca\u30c3\u30d7\u30fb\u30d7\u30ec\u30b9\u3002.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            \u30ab\u30fc\u30da\u30f3\u30bf\u30fc\u3001T.P.\u3001\u30d5\u30e9\u30f3\u30b1\u3001M.L.\u3001\u30ec\u30f4\u30a3\u3001L. (2003)\u3002. \u6570\u5b66\u7684\u601d\u8003\uff1a\u5c0f\u5b66\u6821\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u7b97\u6570\u3068\u4ee3\u6570\u306e\u7d71\u5408<\/em>. \u30cf\u30a4\u30cd\u30de\u30f3\u3002.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            \u30c7\u30a3\u30fc\u30f3\u30ba\u3001ZP\uff081960\uff09\u3002. \u6570\u5b66\u306e\u69cb\u7bc9<\/em>. \u30cf\u30c3\u30c1\u30f3\u30bd\u30f3\u6559\u80b2\u6a5f\u95a2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            \u30c9\u30a5\u30fc\u30ea\u30fc\u3001T.\u3001\uff06\u30ad\u30eb\u30ef\u30f3\u3001A.\uff082014\uff09\u3002. \u5e7c\u5150\u306e\u300c\u30a4\u30b3\u30fc\u30eb\u300d\u8a18\u53f7\u306e\u7406\u89e3\u306e\u4fc3\u9032<\/em>. 2014\u5e7411\u670824\u65e5\u3001\u30c0\u30d6\u30ea\u30f3\u3067\u306eNCCA\u6570\u5b66\u30ab\u30f3\u30d5\u30a1\u30ec\u30f3\u30b9\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u8b1b\u6f14\u3002 https:\/\/www.ncca.ie\/media\/2006\/ncca-maths-conf_equal-sign_24-11-14-2.pdf<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            Falkner, KP\u3001Levi, L.\u3001Carpenter, T.P. (1999). \u5b50\u3069\u3082\u306e\u5e73\u7b49\u7406\u89e3\uff1a\u4ee3\u6570\u5b66\u306e\u57fa\u790e\u3002. \u5b50\u3069\u3082\u305f\u3061\u306b\u6570\u5b66\u3092\u6559\u3048\u308b<\/em>, \u30016(4)\u3001232\u2013236\u3002.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            Farfan, G., & Schoen, R.C. (2021). \u5c0f\u5b66\u751f\u306e\u7b49\u53f7\u306e\u7406\u89e3\uff1a\u30d5\u30ed\u30ea\u30c0\u306e\u751f\u5f92\u306f\u540c\u5e74\u4ee3\u306e\u751f\u5f92\u3088\u308a\u512a\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u304b\uff1f \u6570\u5b66\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u6b21\u5143<\/em>, \u300141(1)\u300127-38\u3002.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            \u30cf\u30fc\u30b2\u30de\u30a4\u30b9\u30bf\u30fc\u3001V. (2013). \u5c0f\u5b66\u6821\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u7b49\u53f7\u306e\u554f\u984c\u3002. MNU<\/em>, \u300166(7)\u3001393\u2013398\u3002.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            \u30ad\u30fc\u30e9\u30f3\u3001C. (1981). \u7b49\u53f7\u306b\u95a2\u9023\u3059\u308b\u6982\u5ff5\u3002. \u6570\u5b66\u6559\u80b2\u5b66<\/em>, \u300112(3)\u3001317\u2013326\u3002.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            Knuth, EJ\u3001Stephens, AC\u3001McNeil, NM\u3001Alibali, MW (2006)\u3002\u7b49\u53f7\u306e\u7406\u89e3\u306f\u91cd\u8981\u304b\uff1f\u65b9\u7a0b\u5f0f\u3092\u89e3\u304f\u3053\u3068\u304b\u3089\u306e\u8a3c\u62e0\u3002. \u6570\u5b66\u6559\u80b2\u7814\u7a76\u30b8\u30e3\u30fc\u30ca\u30eb<\/em>, \u300137(4)\u3001297\u2013312\u3002.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            \u30af\u30e9\u30a6\u30c8\u30cf\u30a6\u30bc\u30f3\u3001G.\u3001\u304a\u3088\u3073\u30b7\u30a7\u30e9\u30fc\u3001P. (2007)\u3002. \u6570\u5b66\u6559\u80b2\u5b66\u5165\u9580<\/em> (\u7b2c3\u7248)\u3002 Spektrum Akademischer Verlag\u3002.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            \u30de\u30f3\u3001R.L. (2004). \u30d0\u30e9\u30f3\u30b9\u306e\u53d6\u308c\u305f\u884c\u70ba\uff1a\u7b49\u53f7\u306e\u80cc\u5f8c\u306b\u3042\u308b\u771f\u5b9f\u3002. \u5b50\u3069\u3082\u305f\u3061\u306b\u6570\u5b66\u3092\u6559\u3048\u308b<\/em>, \u300111(3)\u300165-69\u3002.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            Oksuz, C. (2008). \u5b50\u3069\u3082\u306e\u5e73\u7b49\u3068\u7b49\u53f7\u306e\u7406\u89e3\u3002. \u6570\u5b66\u6559\u80b2\u3068\u5b66\u7fd2\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u56fd\u969b\u30b8\u30e3\u30fc\u30ca\u30eb<\/em>, 8\u6708\u3002.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            \u30d1\u30c9\u30d9\u30eb\u30b0\u3001F.\u3001\u30d9\u30f3\u30c4\u3001C. (2021)\u3002. \u7b97\u8853\u306e\u6559\u6388\u6cd5<\/em> \uff08\u7b2c5\u7248\uff09\u3002\u30b7\u30e5\u30d7\u30ea\u30f3\u30ac\u30fc\u30fb\u30b9\u30da\u30af\u30c8\u30e9\u30e0\u3002.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            Prediger, S. (2009). \u201e\u2026 nee, so darf man das Gleich doch nicht denken!\u201c \u2014 Lehramtsstudierende auf dem Weg zur fachdidaktisch fundierten diagnostischen Kompetenz. In B. Barzel et al. (Hrsg.), \u4ee3\u6570\u7684\u601d\u8003\u3002\u30ea\u30b5\u30fb\u30d8\u30d5\u30a7\u30f3\u30c7\u30fc\u30eb\u30fb\u30d8\u30d9\u30ab\u30fc\u306e\u305f\u3081\u306e\u795d\u5178<\/em> \uff0889\uff5e99\u30da\u30fc\u30b8\uff09\u3002\u30d5\u30e9\u30f3\u30c4\u30d9\u30c3\u30ab\u30fc\u3002.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            Selter, C.\u3001Spiegel, H. (1997)\u3002. \u5b50\u4f9b\u305f\u3061\u304c\u6570\u3048\u308b\u65b9\u6cd5<\/em>. \u30de\u30b8\u30c3\u30af\u30c6\u30fc\u30d7\u3002.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            Sfard, A. (1991). \u6570\u5b66\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u306e\u4e8c\u91cd\u6027\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\uff1a\u30d7\u30ed\u30bb\u30b9\u3068\u5bfe\u8c61\u3092\u540c\u3058\u30b3\u30a4\u30f3\u306e\u88cf\u8868\u3068\u3057\u3066\u8003\u5bdf\u3059\u308b\u3002. \u6570\u5b66\u6559\u80b2\u5b66<\/em>, \u300122(1)\u30011\u201336\u3002.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            Unteregge, S. (2017). \u5c0f\u5b66\u6821\u7b97\u6570\u6307\u5c0e\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u4ee3\u6570\u7684\u7b49\u5f0f\u95a2\u4fc2\u3002. \u6570\u5b66\u6559\u80b2\u3078\u306e\u8ca2\u732e 2017<\/em>, 1009\uff5e1012\u5e74\u3002.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            JA \u30f4\u30a1\u30f3\u30c7\u30a6\u30a9\u30fc\u30eb\u3001\u30ab\u30f3\u30b6\u30b9\u5dde\u30ab\u30fc\u30d7\u3001JM \u30d9\u30a4\u30a6\u30a3\u30ea\u30a2\u30e0\u30ba (2019)\u3002. \u5c0f\u5b66\u6821\u304a\u3088\u3073\u4e2d\u5b66\u6821\u306e\u6570\u5b66\uff1a\u767a\u9054\u6bb5\u968e\u306b\u5fdc\u3058\u305f\u6307\u5c0e<\/em> \uff08\u7b2c10\u7248\uff09\u3002\u30d4\u30a2\u30bd\u30f3\u3002.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            Wahyuni, R., & Herman, T. (2019). \u751f\u5f92\u306e\u7b49\u53f7\u306e\u7406\u89e3\uff1a\u90ca\u5916\u306e\u5b66\u6821\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u4e8b\u4f8b\u3002. \u7b2c1\u56de\u6559\u80b2\u79d1\u5b66\u56fd\u969b\u4f1a\u8b70\u8b70\u4e8b\u9332<\/em>, \u3001351\uff5e355\u9801\u3002.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            Winter, H. (1982). \u5c0f\u5b66\u6821\u306e\u7b97\u6570\u6307\u5c0e\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u7b49\u53f7\u3002. \u6570\u5b66\u6559\u80b2<\/em>, \u30015(4)\u3001185\u2013211\u3002.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            \u30a6\u30a3\u30c3\u30c8\u30de\u30f3\u3001EC\uff081981\uff09\u3002. \u6570\u5b66\u6559\u80b2\u306e\u6839\u672c\u7684\u306a\u554f\u984c<\/em> \uff08\u7b2c6\u7248\uff09\u3002Vieweg\u3002.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

            Die Relationszeichen interaktiv entdecken Eine Lern- und Experimentierumgebung f\u00fcr die Grundschule rund um die Relationszeichen =, < und >. Direktlink:\u00a0https:\/\/waage.urff.app Die Webapp Istgleich simuliert eine virtuelle Balkenwaage, mit der Kinder Mengen, Zahlen und Terme handelnd vergleichen. Pl\u00e4ttchen werden per Tipp oder Klick (per Multitouch gleichzeitig mehrere) erzeugt, in Schalen auf beide Seiten der Waage gelegt, gestapelt, automatisch zu Zehnerstangen geb\u00fcndelt und in Echtzeit als Gleichung oder Ungleichung dargestellt. Der Wechsel zwischen enaktiver T\u00e4tigkeit, ikonischer Bildebene (Punkte auf der Waage) und symbolischer Notation (=, <, > plus Zahlen und Terme) findet synchron statt. Jedes Element kann auch abgedeckt werden, sodass sich beliebige Gegeben-Gesucht-Aufgabenstellungen stellen lassen. Die App ist bewusst niedrigschwellig gestaltet: ohne Login, ohne Datenerfassung, ohne Werbung. Konfigurationen lassen […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-989","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/urff.app\/ja\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/989","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/urff.app\/ja\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/urff.app\/ja\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/urff.app\/ja\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/urff.app\/ja\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=989"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/urff.app\/ja\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/989\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1357,"href":"https:\/\/urff.app\/ja\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/989\/revisions\/1357"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/urff.app\/ja\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=989"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}